Wrongful Conviction Studies — 冤罪学
Learning about—and from— wrongful convictions.
西 愛礼Yoshiyuki Nishi
Attorney (Goto & Shinyu Law Office, Osaka Bar Association) and former judge. Graduate of Stanford Law School (SPILS) and Visiting Scholar at the Center for East Asian Studies (CEAS), Stanford University. Working within the framework of Enzai-gaku (冤罪学, Wrongful Conviction Studies), he combines legal practice and academic research to examine the causes, prevention, and remedies of wrongful accusations and convictions.
Enzai-gaku: Research on Wrongful Accusations and Convictions
To err is human. That is precisely why we study past cases of enzai, and learn from them.
Enzai-gaku turns the lessons of past cases into future prevention and remedy.
On this website, enzai (冤罪) refers to situations in which people are suspected of or punished for crimes they did not commit. Enzai-gaku (冤罪学) is a framework for studying the causes, prevention, and remedies of enzai. Its scope includes the investigation and prosecution stages, as well as wrongful convictions.
Why do wrongful convictions occur?
Causes
冤罪原因論
Empirically unpacking the mechanisms that lead to wrongful convictions, drawing not only on law but also on psychology, sociology, and other disciplines.
How can they be prevented?
Prevention
冤罪予防論
Building on the lessons of past cases to design safeguards, in both institutions and practice, so that the same errors are not repeated.
How can the wrongfully convicted be exonerated?
Exoneration
冤罪救済論
A wrongful conviction can still be corrected. Mapping the avenues of relief, including retrial, and their challenges, and working toward swift exoneration.
Key Research Achievements
Collecting and Systematizing Knowledge on Wrongful Convictions
Collected and systematized knowledge on miscarriages of justice and wrongful convictions, presented as “Enzai-gaku: Learning from Wrongful Convictions — Causes and Prevention” (Nippon Hyoron Sha, 2023). Awarded the Moriya Research Encouragement Award.
A Wrongful Convictions Database and Quantitative Analysis
Built a database of Japanese wrongful conviction cases and quantitatively analyzed the structure of contributing factors, presented at the Law and Society Association and other international conferences, laying a foundation for research on miscarriages of justice.
International Outreach
Presented the state of wrongful conviction research in Japan in the English-language article “Wrongful Convictions in Japan: Causes, Challenges, and Preventive Measures”. “Enzai-gaku” has been translated and published in Taiwan (冤罪學, Business Weekly Publications, 2026).
Biography
Drawing on practical experience as both a judge and a defense attorney, he analyzes the structure of error in criminal justice.
西 愛礼Yoshiyuki Nishi
- 2026 — present
Visiting Scholar, Center for East Asian Studies (CEAS), Stanford University
Continuing research on wrongful convictions and criminal justice
- 2025 — 2026
Stanford Law School, SPILS
Fulbright–Mikitani Memorial Scholarship
- 2024 — present
Attorney, Goto & Shinyu Law Office
Member of the legal teams in the Kadokawa Tokyo Olympics criminal case and the constitutional lawsuit challenging “hostage justice”
- 2021 — 2023
Attorney, Shinyu Law Office
Criminal defense including the wrongful prosecution of Pressance’s former president
- 2019 — 2021
Attorney, Anderson Mōri & Tomotsune
Experience in private legal practice
- 2016 — 2019
Assistant Judge, Criminal Division, Chiba District Court
Handled criminal cases in the Criminal Division, including acquittals
- 2010 — 2014
Faculty of Law, Hitotsubashi University
Research Keywords
Awards
- 2025.02Commendation for Innovative Legal Practice (Japan Federation of Bar Associations)
- 2024.01Grand Prize, New Face Award, Kikan Keiji Bengo (Quarterly Criminal Defense)
- 2023.12Moriya Research Encouragement Award for “Enzai-gaku: Learning from Wrongful Convictions — Causes and Prevention”
Affiliations & Activities
- 2025 —Law and Society Association
- 2022 —Japanese Society for Law and Psychology / Criminal Law Society of Japan
- 2021 —Innocence Project Japan (management & support)
News
Books
The causes and prevention of wrongful convictions, from both scholarship and practice.

Enzai-gaku: Learning from Wrongful Convictions — Causes and Prevention (sole author, in Japanese; translated title)
Book details →Bibliographic details
Original title冤罪学――冤罪に学ぶ原因と再発防止
Nippon Hyoron Sha, September 2023, 416 pp.
ISBN 978-4-535-52754-6
A scholarly monograph that systematically covers the fundamentals, causes, prevention, and remedies of wrongful convictions.

Wrongful Convictions: Why Do People Err? (sole author, in Japanese; translated title)
Book details →Bibliographic details
Original title冤罪 なぜ人は間違えるのか
Shueisha International, December 2024, 288 pp.
ISBN 978-4-7976-8151-2
A book for general readers that looks at individual judgment and organizational decision-making to consider why wrongful convictions occur and recur.

冤罪學:解析冤獄的成因與預防,揭露司法制度的風險 (Traditional Chinese edition of Enzai-gaku)
Book details →Bibliographic details
Original title冤罪學:解析冤獄的成因與預防,揭露司法制度的風險
Translated by 李怡修 and 洪士軒, Business Weekly Publications (Taiwan), January 2026, 544 pp.
ISBN 9786263907577
The Traditional Chinese edition of “Enzai-gaku.”
Book-with-donation page (donation to the Taiwan Innocence Project)

Lessons from the Hakamada Case (co-author, in Japanese; translated title)
Book details →Bibliographic details
Original title袴田事件の教訓――冤罪の予防・救済のために
Iwanami Shoten, May 2026, 270 pp. (co-authored; Nishi’s chapter proposes a system for reviewing the causes of wrongful convictions)
ISBN 9784000617611
A co-authored volume that draws on the Hakamada case to discuss institutions for preventing and remedying wrongful convictions.
Publications
For an overview of wrongful convictions in Japan, see “Wrongful Convictions in Japan.” For work on wrongful conviction databases and comparative research in Asia, see “Towards an Asian registry of wrongful convictions.” Both articles are in English.
Articles & Commentaries 論文等
- 2026
- 2026
The Structure of Contributing Factors in Wrongful Convictions in Japan
- 2025
Wrongful Convictions and the Constitution
- 2025
- 2025
- 2025
[Dialogue] Inside and Outside the Courts: The Relationship Between Judges and Society
- 2025
[Roundtable] From the Hakamada Case to Criminal Justice Reform
- 2025
On “Hostage Justice”
- 2024
- 2024
- 2024
The Propriety of Identification Procedures (Photo Lineups): Theory Drawn from Everyday Criminal Defense Practice
- 2024
It Happens in the Field: A Case of Mistaken Identity in a Bar FightNew Face Award, Grand Prize
- 2023
Asking a Former Judge and a Former Prosecutor: “What Changes and What Doesn't” (Part 1)
- 2022–23
Series: The Anatomy of a Wrongful Prosecution — The Pressance Former President Case (4 parts)
Presentations 学会報告
- 2026
Creating and Analyzing a Japanese Wrongful Convictions Database
- 2026
Building a Comparative Landscape for Wrongful Conviction Databases in Asia
- 2024
Judicial Decision-Making and Cognitive Bias
- 2023
How Should Law and Psychology Confront Wrongful Convictions? Reconsidering Through the Hakamada Case
- 2023
Toward the Establishment of “Behavioral Criminal Law”
- 2023
Current Status and Issues of Research on Causes of Wrongful Convictions and Countermeasures in Japan
Lectures & Talks 講演・講義
- 2025
Commemorative Lecture, Kyoto General Meeting of the Japan Civil Liberties Union (JCLU)
- 2025
Lecture at Azabu High School
- 2025
Joint Seminar Lecture, Ritsumeikan University (Prof. Takuma Shimizu) and Kobe Gakuin University (Prof. Hiroyuki Satake)
- 2025
Commemorative Lecture, General Meeting of the Japan Civil Liberties Union (JCLU)
- 2025
Constitution Memorial Meeting, Okayama Bar Association
- 2025
Lecture on “Hostage Justice”, Japan Publishing Club
- 2025
Lecture at Dalton Tokyo Gakuen
- 2025
2nd “Hostage Justice Survivors” Diet Meeting
- 2024
16th Symposium on Court-Appointed Defense
- 2024
Lecture, Saitama Bar Association
- 2024
Seminar Lecture, Aoyama Gakuin University (Prof. Hiroyuki Kuzuno)
- 2024
Lecture at Ryukoku University
- 2024
Lecture at Kyushu University
- 2024
Seminar Lecture, Kyoto University (Prof. Masahiro Sogabe)
- 2024
Lecture at Kindai University
- 2024
“Lawyers of Tomorrow” Lecture Series, Itojuku
- 2024
Ethics Training, Saitama Bar Association
- 2023
Lecture, General Meeting of the National Liaison Council of Retrial and Wrongful Conviction Cases
- 2023
Seminar Lecture, Meiji University (Prof. Tomonobu Ishida)
- 2023
Criminal Defense Lecture, Hitotsubashi University
- 2023
The Death Penalty and Wrongful Convictions in Japan
- 2022
Seminar Lecture, Nanzan University (Prof. Yoshinori Okada)
- 2022
Pretrial Arrangement Proceedings in Lay Judge (Saiban-in) Trials
For the complete list, see researchmap.
Media
Featured
The Mechanism Behind Wrongful Convictions: Why a Former Judge Turned Lawyer Aims to Eradicate Them
- 2026.08The Asahi Shimbun“Coercive,” “Surprisingly…”: How Courtroom Spectators Saw the Video of a Special Investigation Prosecutor’s Interrogation→2025.05TBS Radio “Ogiue Chiki Session”[Commentary] The Retrial Decision in the Murder of a Junior High School Girl 38 Years Ago→2025.02Bungeishunju PLUSInterview with Yoshiyuki Nishi on “Wrongful Convictions: Why Do People Err?” — The Mechanism Behind Wrongful Convictions→2025.01“Chosha ga Kataru” (YouTube program)Why Wrongful Convictions Happen, and Why They Recur→2025.01Nippon Cultural Broadcasting “Otake Makoto Golden Radio”Wrongful Convictions: Why Do People Err?→2025.01Nikkei (Nihon Keizai Shimbun)Why I Study “Wrongful Conviction Studies”: A Young Lawyer’s Challenge→2025.01JBpressWhy Do Wrongful Convictions Occur? A Former Judge, Now a Lawyer, Explains the Mechanism→2025.01Shupure NEWS (Weekly Playboy)Why Do Wrongful Convictions Like the Hakamada Case Keep Being Produced? The “Wrongful Conviction Lawyer” Author Explains→2024.12Nana Takamatsu’s Social Action!The “Don Juan” Case: What Decided the Acquittal, and the Influence of Media Coverage→2024.12Nana Takamatsu’s Social Action!What Is “Hostage Justice,” a Breeding Ground for Coerced Confessions?→2024.12TBS Radio “Ogiue Chiki Session”The “Don Juan of Kishu” Case: Explaining the Ex-Wife’s Acquittal→2024.12FNN Prime Online“Why Wrongful Convictions Are Made” — How to Protect Yourself from Them→2024.12NHKHakamada Retrial: Supreme Public Prosecutors Office Releases Review; Attention Turns to Retrial System Reform→2024.12Magazine9Interview with Yoshiyuki Nishi: Building Systems to Prevent Wrongful Convictions, on the Premise That “People Always Err”→2024.11Fukabori TVDigging Into “Hostage Justice” — with Shinji Miyadai, Darthreider, and Joe Yokomizo→2024.11Bengoshi JP News“Even the Innocent Risk Being Convicted”: A Lawyer Who Studies Wrongful Convictions on the Dangers of Criminal Investigations→2024.10TBS Radio “Ogiue Chiki Session”Why Do Wrongful Convictions Happen? — Iwao Hakamada and the Ohkawara Kakohki Case→2024.09MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System)Explaining the Hakamada Retrial Verdict: The Key Issue of the “Five Items of Clothing” and Fabricated Evidence→2024.09Polytas TVHakamada Retrial Acquittal: All Eyes on the Prosecution’s Decision→2024.09Polytas TVWill the Debate on Abolishing the Death Penalty and Reforming Retrial Law Move Forward?→2024.09Shizuoka ShimbunExpert Analysis: A Landmark Finding of “Fabrication” [Hakamada Retrial Acquittal]→2024.09The Asahi Shimbun(My Perspective) Excluding Judicial Prejudgment: Make the Hollowed-Out Recusal System Work→2024.09SBS Shizuoka Broadcasting “LIVE Shizuoka”Live Commentary on the Hakamada Retrial Acquittal: The “Five Items of Clothing” and Fabricated Evidence→2024.07The Asahi Shimbun(Forum) What Are the Problems with “Hostage Justice”?→2024.05ABEMA PrimeDoes Staying Silent Hurt You? Considering Over-Reliance on Confessions and Prolonged Detention→2024.05ABEMA PrimeOpen Courtrooms: Considering Mobilized Spectators and the Ban on Recording→2024.03Tokyo ShimbunWhy Do Wrongful Convictions Happen, and How Can They Be Prevented? An Unconventional Academic Book, “Enzai-gaku”→2024.01MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System)Explaining the Kyoto Animation Arson Trial: “Trial Techniques” to Keep Lay Judges’ Emotions Out→2023.12Shukan GendaiA 32-Year-Old Who Won Two Acquittals: Why Is This Young Ex-Judge Lawyer So Committed to “Wrongful Convictions”? The Convincing Reason→2023.10Bengo4.com NewsThe Anxiety a Judge Feels After an Acquittal: The “Wrongful Conviction Studies” Conceived by Yoshiyuki Nishi After Leaving the Bench→2023.10The Mainichi ShimbunYoshiyuki Nishi, the Lawyer Who Published “Enzai-gaku”: Acquittals as a Judge, Defense as a Lawyer — Learn from Wrongful Convictions to Prevent Them→2023.10Bengoshi JP NewsThe Despair of Suddenly Being Branded a “Criminal”: The Simple Reason Wrongful Convictions Never Stop→2023.09International Symposium (Germany)The Death Penalty and Retrial in Japan: Will the Japanese Government Continue to Retain Capital Punishment?→2023.07Nobuo Gohara’s “Cutting Through Japan’s Power!” (YouTube)The Current State of “Hostage Justice” and How to Counter It→2023.07Shizuoka ShimbunExpert Analysis: Investigate the Possibility of Evidence Fabrication [The Last Bastion: Criminal Justice and Retrial]→2023.05Kei-Gene ch (YouTube)Learning the Causes of Wrongful Convictions from Acquittal Cases (Part 2)→2023.05Shizuoka ShimbunMore Effective Relief for the Innocent: Ryukoku University in Kyoto Establishes a New Research Center→2023.04Kei-Gene ch (YouTube)Learning the Causes of Wrongful Convictions from Acquittal Cases (Part 1)→2023.03ABEMA PrimeThe Accusation Society: Treating People as Criminals Without Verification, and the Harm Done by Media Coverage→2023.03ABEMA PrimeWinny: Why Was a Genius Programmer Crushed?→2023.03Shizuoka ShimbunHakamada’s Retrial Finalized: Shimizu Residents Who Remember the Time Say “Sloppy Investigation and Trial Ruined Many Lives”→2023.02ABEMA PrimeConvicted on Testimony Alone? Thinking It Through with the Mayor of Minokamo, Who Is Seeking a Retrial→2023.02MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System)The First Posthumous Retrial Since WWII: A Former Judge Explains the Mechanism of Wrongful Convictions→2023.02MBS (Mainichi Broadcasting System)Courts’ Repeated “Destruction of Records”: A Former Judge Explains the Background→2022.10Sankei ShimbunUsing Science to Exonerate the Wrongfully Convicted: “Unexpected” Attention for an Online Fundraiser→2022.10NHKEliminate the Harm of Wrongful Convictions: Support Group Launches Crowdfunding→
Outreach
Movie
Film “Makehende” (I Won't Lose) — in theaters November 13, 2026
Books on defense-team cases
Makehende! (I Won't Lose!): A Listed-Company President vs. the Special Investigation Department
Shinobu Yamagishi, the former president of Pressance who was acquitted in the criminal case against him, wrote this account of his experience so that others would not face similar wrongful prosecutions.
Books on defense-team cases
Proof of Humanity: 226 Days in Detention and My Right to Live
Tsuguhiko Kadokawa, a party to the Tokyo Olympics criminal case and the constitutional lawsuit challenging Japan’s “hostage justice” system, wrote this account of his experience to help bring an end to that system. Nishi is a member of the legal teams in these cases.
Official Account
Daily updates on X
Latest news on wrongful convictions, the retrial system, and criminal justice (in Japanese).
NewsPicks Topics
Online articles on Wrongful Conviction Studies
Research on wrongful convictions presented as online articles for a general audience (in Japanese): a series drawing on psychology to explain why people err, and commentary on actual cases and institutions — more than 40 articles in total.
Series: Why Do People Err?
Explaining Cases and Institutions
- What Is “Hostage Justice,” the Problem at the Heart of Japan’s Criminal Justice?
- A Wrongful Prosecution Manufactured by the Special Investigation Department (The Pressance Former President Case)
- The Significance of Tsuguhiko Kadokawa’s Constitutional Lawsuit Against “Hostage Justice”
- A Life Lost to Wrongful Accusation: The Ohkawara Kakohki Case
- [The Fifth Death-Row Retrial Acquittal] Explaining the Hakamada Retrial Verdict
- Rethinking the Media Through Coverage of Celebrity Arrests
Contact
Please use the form below for inquiries about interviews, lectures, writing, reviewing the legal accuracy of content, research collaboration, or publishing translations of my books. Requests for legal representation are not accepted through this site; please contact Goto & Shinyu Law Office directly. Please note that, due to my studies abroad, I am currently unable to take on new defense cases. For information on how personal data is handled, see our Privacy Policy.